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Conversion to Islam

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#B2E3FF;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#B2E3FF;"><a href="Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:1em 0"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#B2E3FF;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Islamizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">Late Antiquity - Middle Ages - Modern

<ul><li><a href="Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early Muslim conquests</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_missionary_activity" title="Islamic missionary activity">Islamic missionary activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Palestine">Islamization of Palestine</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization of Jerusalem</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Syria">Islamization of Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization of Egypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization of Iran</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_and_Turkification_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang">Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region" title="Islamization of the Sudan region">Islamization of the Sudan region</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia">Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam in Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Islamization in Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamization_in_Bangladesh" title="Islamization in Bangladesh">Islamization in Bangladesh</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_to_Islam_in_prisons" title="Conversion to Islam in prisons">Conversion to Islam in prisons</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_to_Islam_in_U.S._prisons" title="Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons">Conversion to Islam in U.S. prisons</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_converts_to_Islam" title="List of converts to Islam">List of converts to Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:15.5em;border:1px solid #060;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Islam and other religions</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#348017;padding-bottom:0.2em;color:white;">

<a href="Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.5em;">

<ul><li><a href="Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druze</a></li>

<li><a href="Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li>

<li><a href="Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaeans#Sabians" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeism</a></li></ul></td>

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Other religions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.5em;">

<ul><li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabians" title="Sabians">Pagan Sabianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabian religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#348017;padding-bottom:0.2em;color:white;">

Islam and...</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.5em;;padding-bottom:0.75em;">

<ul><li><a href="Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_in_Islamic_societies" title="Censorship in Islamic societies">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ people</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Modernity</a></li>

<li><a href="Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Pacifism</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li>

<li><a href="Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a>

<li><a href="Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></td>

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<div class="hlist"><ul><li>Category</li><li><a href="Portal%3AIslam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"></td></tr></tbody></table>

Conversion to Islam, also known within Islam as reversion, is adopting <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as a <a href="Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> or faith. Conversion requires a formal statement of the <a href="Shahada" title="Shahada">shahādah</a>, the credo of Islam, whereby the prospective convert must state that "there is none worthy of worship in truth except <a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> and <a href="Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is the last <a href="Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">messenger</a> of Allah." <a href="Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a> of the faith is referred to as "<a href="Dawah" title="Dawah">dawah</a>," and missionary efforts have been promoted since the dawn of the religion in the 7th century. Statistics relating to the number of converts to Islam are scarce and often unreliable.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

<a href="Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Converts</a> to Islam may be referred to as "converts," "reverts," or "new Muslims." Many people who have converted to Islam prefer to call themselves "reverts," in reference to a <a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> that says that all people are Muslims at birth, but only come to "leave" the faith due to the environment they are raised in.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The belief in the innate condition of Islam in all people is referred to as "<a href="Fitra" title="Fitra">fitra</a>."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2></div>

Converting to Islam requires one to declare the <a href="Shahada" title="Shahada">shahādah</a>, the Muslim profession of faith ("there is none worthy of worship except <a href="God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allah</a> and <a href="Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is the <a href="Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">messenger</a> of Allah", <a href="Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>: أَشْهَدُ أَن لا إِلٰهَ إلَّا الله و أَشْهَدُ أَنَ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُول الله)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

In Islam, <a href="Circumcision_(khitan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision (khitan)">circumcision (khitan)</a> is considered a <a href="Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> custom that is not mentioned in the <a href="Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> but is mentioned in <a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reeves_2004-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aldeeb_1995-8">[8]</a> The majority of <a href="Ulama" title="Ulama">clerical opinions</a> holds that circumcision is not required upon entering the Muslim faith.<a href="#cite_note-Reeves_2004-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_missionary_activities">Islamic missionary activities</h2></div>

<a href="Dawah" title="Dawah">Dawah</a> (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دعوة, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'invitation', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style>Arabic: [ˈdæʕwæh]) is the act of inviting or calling people to embrace Islam. In <a href="Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, the purpose of da‘wah is to invite people, Muslims and non-Muslims, to understand the worship of God as expressed in the Qur'an and the <a href="Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> of <a href="Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and to inform them about Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_quote-9">[9]</a>

Dawah as the "Call towards God" is the means by which <a href="Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a> began spreading the message of the <a href="Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to mankind. After Muhammad, his followers and the <a href="Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> assumed responsibility for it.<a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Islam-10">[10]</a> They convey the message of the Qur'an by providing information on why and how the Qur'an preaches <a href="Tawhid" title="Tawhid">monotheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

Muhammad saw Islam as the true religion and mission of all earlier prophets. He believed that their call had been limited to their own people but that his was universal. His mission as the final prophet was to repeat to the whole world this call and invitation (Dawah) to Islam. Muhammad wrote to various non-Muslim rulers, inviting them to convert.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_rate">Conversion rate</h2></div>

Counting the number of converts to a religion is difficult, because some national censuses ask people about their religion, but they do not ask if they have converted to their present faith, and, in some countries, legal and social consequences make conversion difficult, such as <a href="Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">the death sentence</a> for leaving Islam in some Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-auto29-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-:pew1100-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-locapo-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Statistical data on conversion to and from <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> are scarce.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> An expert on Islamic law, M. Cherif Bassiouni, states "The Quran contains a provision that says ‘he who has embraced Islam and then abandons it will receive punishment in hell after Judgment Day'."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

According to a study published in 2011 by <a href="Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research</a>, what little information is available suggests that <a href="Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a> has no net impact on the global Muslim population as the number of people who convert to Islam is roughly similar to those <a href="Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">who leave Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> According to another study published on 2015 by Pew research center, Islam is expected to experience a modest gain of 3.22 million adherents through religious conversion between 2010 and 2050, although this modest impact will make Islam, compared with other religions, the second largest religion in terms of net gains through <a href="Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a> after <a href="Irreligion" title="Irreligion">religiously unaffiliated</a>, which is expected to have the <a href="Demographics_of_atheism" title="Demographics of atheism">largest net gains through religious conversion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto33-21">[21]</a>

According to <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, an estimated 25% of American Muslims are converts.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

In Britain, around 6,000 people convert to Islam per year and, according to a June 2000 article in the British Muslims Monthly Survey, the majority of new Muslim converts in Britain were women.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> According to <a href="The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>, "Though exact numbers are difficult to tally, observers estimate that as many as 20,000 Americans convert to Islam annually."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the Philippines, approximately 220,000 people converted to Islam in 2011, known as <a href="Balik_Islam" title="Balik Islam">Balik Islam</a>. The number is increasing year by year, and a surge in conversions is expected in the coming years.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

According to <a href="Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a>, the number of U.S. converts to Islam is roughly equal to the number of U.S. Muslims who leave the religion, unlike other religions, in which the number of those leaving is greater than the number of converts.<a href="#cite_note-Pew2018conversion-26">[26]</a> 77% of new converts to Islam are from Christianity, whereas 19% were from <a href="Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religion</a>. Meanwhile, among American-born Muslims who have left Islam, about 55% now identify with no religion, 22% identify as Christian, and another 21% identify with other faiths.<a href="#cite_note-Pew2018conversion-26">[26]</a>

According to Guinness, approximately 12.5 million more people converted to Islam than people converted to Christianity between 1990 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Despite this, Islam remains, on the global level, the second religion with the second largest number of net converts into the religion, with about 420,000 more people converting to Islam than leaving Islam between 2015 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This number being surpassed by the number of people (7,570,000) switching from "religious" to "unaffiliated".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

In 2010, the Pew Forum found "that statistical data for Muslim conversions is scarce and as per their little available information, there is no substantial net gain or loss of Muslims due to religious conversion. It also stated that "the number of people who embrace Islam and the number of those who leave Islam are roughly equal. Thus, this report excludes religious conversion as a direct factor from the projection of Muslim population growth."<a href="#cite_note-pew-30">[30]</a> People switching their religions will likely have no effect on the growth of the Muslim population,<a href="#cite_note-FastestGrowing-31">[31]</a> as the number of people who <a href="Convert_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Convert to Islam">convert to Islam</a> is roughly similar to those <a href="Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">who leave Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pew2011Muslim-32">[32]</a> Another study found that the number of people who will leave Islam is 9,400,000 and the number of converts to Islam is 12,620,000 so the net gain to Islam through <a href="Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> should be 3 million between 2010 and 2050, mostly from <a href="Sub_Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub Saharan Africa">Sub Saharan Africa</a> (2.9 million).<a href="#cite_note-auto33-21">[21]</a>

According to a 2017 <a href="Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey, between 2010 and 2015 "an estimated 213 million babies were born to Muslim mothers and roughly 61 million Muslims died, meaning that the natural increase in the Muslim population – i.e., the number of births minus the number of deaths – was 152 million over this period",<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-33">[33]</a> and it added small net gains through religious conversion into Islam (420,000). According to a 2017 <a href="Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> survey, by 2060 Muslims will remain the <a href="Major_religious_groups#Largest_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">second world's largest religion</a>; and if current trends continue, the number of Muslims will reach 2.9 billion (or 31.1%).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-33">[33]</a>

It was reported in 2013 that around 5,000 British people convert to Islam every year, with most of them being women.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> According to an earlier 2001 census, surveys found that there was an increase of 60,000 conversions to Islam in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-35">[35]</a> Many converts to Islam said that they suffered from hostility from their families.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-35">[35]</a> According to a report by CNN, "Islam has drawn converts from all walks of life, most notably African-Americans".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Studies estimated about 30,000 converting to Islam annually in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> According to The New York Times, an estimated 25% of <a href="American_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="American Muslims">American Muslims</a> are converts,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> these converts are mostly African American.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to The Huffington Post, "observers estimate that as many as 20,000 Americans convert to Islam annually.", most of them are women and <a href="African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Experts say that conversions to Islam have doubled in the past 25 years in France, among the six million Muslims in France, about 100,000 are converts.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> On the other hand, according to <a href="Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a>, the number of American converts to Islam is roughly equal to the number of American Muslims who leave Islam and this is unlike other religions in the United States where the number of those who leave these religions is greater than the number of those who convert to it,<a href="#cite_note-pew2-014-42">[42]</a> and most people who leave Islam become unaffiliated. According to the same study, ex-Muslims were more likely to be Christians compared to ex-Hindus or ex-Jews.<a href="#cite_note-pew2-014-42">[42]</a>

According to the religious forecast for 2050 by Pew Research Center, between 2010 and 2050 modest net gains through religious conversion are expected for Muslims (3 million)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and most of the net gains through religious conversion for Muslims found in the <a href="Sub_Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub Saharan Africa">Sub Saharan Africa</a> (2.9 million).<a href="#cite_note-auto33-21">[21]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy in Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_missionary_activity" title="Islamic missionary activity">Islamic missionary activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Baqara_256" title="Al-Baqara 256">Al-Baqara 256</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_converts_to_Islam" title="List of converts to Islam">List of converts to Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Conversion_to_Islam_in_prisons" title="Conversion to Islam in prisons">Conversion to Islam in prisons</a></li>

<li><a href="Muslim_population_growth" title="Muslim population growth">Muslim population growth</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAhmedAmer2013" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Sameera; Amer, Mona M., eds. (2013-06-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781135859558">Counseling Muslims: Handbook of Mental Health Issues and Interventions</a> (1st ed.). Routledge. p. 229. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203893814">10.4324/9780203893814</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-203-89381-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZebiri2014" class="citation book cs1">Zebiri, Kate (2014-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBy9DwAAQBAJ">British Muslim Converts: Choosing Alternative Lives</a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 15. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-78074-486-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSealy2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sealy, Thomas (2021-09-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13537903.2021.1965746">"British converts to Islam: continuity, change, and religiosity in religious identity"</a>. Journal of Contemporary Religion. 36 (3): 430. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537903.2021.1965746">10.1080/13537903.2021.1965746</a>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F62fa240b-d3b9-4247-8e8f-c11e9f9c2f26">1983/62fa240b-d3b9-4247-8e8f-c11e9f9c2f26</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-7903">1353-7903</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBennett2015" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton, ed. (2015) [2013]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHweBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA330">"Glossary"</a>. The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies (1st ed.). <a href="New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. p. 330. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781441138125</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777652885">777652885</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412033715/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHweBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA330">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2022-12-17. <q><a href="Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> – translates as "creed". Technically, the <a href="Shahadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahadah">Shahadah</a> (<a href="Five_pillars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Five pillars of Islam">first pillar</a>) is the only obligatory statement of <a href="Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">faith in Islam</a>; however, over time a list of six items evolved, the essentials of faith (Iman Mufassal), namely: belief in God, in God's angels, scriptures, messengers, day of judgment, and God's power.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtobecomemuslim.org/becoming-a-muslim-a-step-by-step-guide-2">"Becoming a Muslim: A Step-by-Step Guide - How To Become Muslim"</a>. 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2024-11-26.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Reeves_2004-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reeves_2004_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reeves_2004_6-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKueny2004" class="citation book cs1">Kueny, Kathryn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&pg=PA161">"Abraham's Test: Islamic Male Circumcision as Anti/Ante-Covenantal Practice"</a>. In Reeves, John C. (ed.). Bible and Qurʼān: Essays in Scriptural Intertextuality. <a href="Society_of_Biblical_Literature" title="Society of Biblical Literature">Symposium Series (Society of Biblical Literature)</a>. Vol. 24. <a href="Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 161–173. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-04-12726-7</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1569-3627">1569-3627</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412033530/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&pg=PA161">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2022-12-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_7-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWensinck2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wensinck, A. J. (2012) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20">"K̲h̲itān"</a>. In <a href="Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; Lewis, B.; <a href="Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a>; <a href="Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <a href="Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. Vol. 5. <a href="Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 20–22. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_4296">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4296</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-07819-2</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412033538/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2022-12-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Aldeeb_1995-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Aldeeb_1995_8-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAldeeb_Abu-Sahlieh1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Sami_Aldeeb" title="Sami Aldeeb">Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami A.</a> (1994). "To Mutilate in the Name of Jehovah or Allah: Legitimization of Male and Female Circumcision". Medicine and Law. 13 (7–8). <a href="World_Association_for_Medical_Law" title="World Association for Medical Law">World Association for Medical Law</a>: 575–622. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7731348">7731348</a>.</cite>; <cite id="CITEREFAldeeb_Abu-Sahlieh1995" class="citation journal cs1">Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh, Sami A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=twls">"Islamic Law and the Issue of Male and Female Circumcision"</a>. Third World Legal Studies. 13. <a href="Valparaiso_University_School_of_Law" title="Valparaiso University School of Law">Valparaiso University School of Law</a>: 73–101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112162823/https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=twls">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_quote-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_quote_9-0">^</a> "Da‘wah produces converts to Islam, which in turn [increases] the size of the Muslim <a href="Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a> [community of Muslims]."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Islam-10"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Islam_10-0">^</a> See entry for da‘wah in the <a href="Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> See, for example, Qur'an <a href="Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">ayat</a> (verses) 6:19 and 16:36.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> [Sookhdeo Patrick, and Murray, Douglas. 2014. Dawa: The Islamic Strategy for Reshaping the Modern World. Isaac Publishing.]

</li>

<li id="cite_note-auto29-13"><a href="#cite_ref-auto29_13-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150429153811/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf">"The Future of World Religions p.182"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 April 2015. <q>This analysis of religious switching draws on surveys in 19 countries where Muslims constitute a majority of the population. Generally, however, there are few reports of people disaffiliating from Islam in these countries. One reason for this may be the social and legal repercussions associated with disaffiliation in many Muslim-majority countries, up to and including the death penalty for apostasy. It is possible that, in the future, these societies could allow greater freedom for religious disaffiliation. The demographic projections in this report do not seek to predict the likelihood of such changes in political and social dynamics, or to model what the consequences might be.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:pew1100-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:pew1100_14-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion">"The Future of the Global Muslim Population"</a>. 27 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115000548/https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2022. <q>There are numerous reasons why reliable data on conversions are hard to come by. Some national censuses ask people about their religion, but they do not directly ask whether people have converted to their present faiths. A few cross-national surveys do contain questions about religious switching, but, even in those surveys, it is difficult to assess whether more people leave Islam than enter the faith. In some countries, legal and social consequences make conversion difficult, and survey respondents may be reluctant to speak honestly about the topic. Additionally, for many Muslims, Islam is not just a religion but an ethnic or cultural identity that does not depend on whether a person actively practices the faith. This means that even nonpracticing or secular Muslims may still consider themselves, and be viewed by their neighbors, as Muslims.</q></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-locapo-15"><a href="#cite_ref-locapo_15-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf">Laws Criminalizing Apostasy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011180050/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Library of Congress (2014)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e174">Apostasy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904042337/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e174">Archived</a> 4 September 2014 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Oxford Islamic Studies Online, Oxford University Press (2012)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indy100.com/article/the-countries-where-apostasy-is-punishable-by-death--Z110j2Uwxb">"The countries where apostasy is punishable by death"</a>. indy100. 7 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222093123/http://www.indy100.com/article/the-countries-where-apostasy-is-punishable-by-death--Z110j2Uwxb">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion">"The Future of the Global Muslim Population"</a>. 27 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115000548/https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-related-factors/#conversion">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2022. <q>there is no substantial net gain or loss in the number of Muslims through conversion, globally; the number of people who become Muslims through conversion seems to be roughly equal to the number of Muslims who leave the faith</q></cite>

</li>

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